Canine respiratory distress, characterized by a forceful expulsion of air from the lungs, is a common symptom indicative of various underlying health issues. This action, often referred to as a cough, serves as the body’s attempt to clear the airways of irritants, foreign objects, or excessive mucus. The manifestation of this symptom can range from a mild, infrequent occurrence to a severe, persistent condition demanding immediate veterinary attention.
Addressing the root cause of canine coughing is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can prevent the escalation of minor ailments into serious or chronic conditions. A thorough understanding of potential causes, coupled with timely veterinary intervention, contributes significantly to a dog’s quality of life and longevity. Historically, recognizing and managing respiratory symptoms in canines has been a key aspect of responsible pet ownership.
The subsequent sections will delve into the diverse etiologies associated with canine coughing, exploring infectious diseases, environmental factors, cardiac conditions, and other potential triggers. Understanding these factors enables informed decision-making regarding preventative measures and appropriate treatment strategies.
1. Infectious Tracheobronchitis
Infectious tracheobronchitis, frequently referred to as kennel cough, constitutes a primary reason for canine coughing. This highly contagious respiratory infection affects the trachea and bronchi, leading to inflammation and irritation, thus prompting the cough reflex.
-
Etiology and Transmission
Infectious tracheobronchitis is typically caused by a combination of viral and bacterial pathogens. Common culprits include Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine adenovirus type 2, canine parainfluenza virus, and canine herpesvirus. Transmission occurs through airborne droplets produced during coughing or sneezing, as well as through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces. Environments with high canine density, such as kennels, dog parks, and grooming facilities, facilitate rapid dissemination of the infectious agents.
-
Clinical Presentation
The hallmark of infectious tracheobronchitis is a harsh, dry, hacking cough, often described as a “goose honk.” The cough may be paroxysmal, meaning it occurs in sudden, intense episodes. Affected dogs may also exhibit nasal discharge, sneezing, and mild lethargy. In uncomplicated cases, the dog’s appetite and energy levels typically remain relatively normal. However, secondary bacterial infections can lead to more severe symptoms, including fever, pneumonia, and significant respiratory distress.
-
Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosis of infectious tracheobronchitis is generally based on clinical signs and a history of exposure to other dogs. Diagnostic tests, such as tracheal washes or bacterial cultures, may be performed to identify the specific pathogens involved, particularly in cases with atypical or severe presentations. Treatment primarily focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing secondary complications. Antitussives can help suppress the cough, while antibiotics are indicated if a bacterial infection is suspected or confirmed. Supportive care, including rest, hydration, and good nutrition, is crucial for recovery.
-
Prevention Strategies
Vaccination against Bordetella bronchiseptica and other common respiratory viruses is a key component of preventing infectious tracheobronchitis. These vaccines are available in injectable and intranasal formulations and are often recommended for dogs that frequent social settings or boarding facilities. Maintaining good hygiene practices, such as regular disinfection of surfaces and proper ventilation in kennels, also helps minimize the risk of transmission. Isolation of infected dogs is essential to prevent further spread of the disease.
The connection between infectious tracheobronchitis and canine coughing is direct and significant. Addressing this condition promptly and effectively minimizes discomfort and potential long-term respiratory issues in affected animals. Awareness of risk factors, symptoms, and preventative measures is crucial for responsible canine care.
2. Heart Disease
Heart disease constitutes a significant contributor to the manifestation of coughing in canines. Cardiac dysfunction can lead to fluid accumulation within the lungs, eliciting a cough reflex as the body attempts to clear the respiratory passages. This relationship underscores the importance of considering cardiovascular health when evaluating respiratory symptoms.
-
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump blood, leading to a backup of fluid. In left-sided CHF, this fluid accumulates in the lungs (pulmonary edema). The presence of pulmonary edema irritates the airways and triggers coughing. This cough is often accompanied by increased respiratory rate and effort, and may be more pronounced during periods of rest or sleep. Certain breeds, such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, are predisposed to developing mitral valve disease, a common cause of CHF.
-
Enlarged Heart and Airway Compression
Cardiac enlargement, or cardiomegaly, can result from various heart conditions. An enlarged heart can physically compress the trachea or mainstem bronchi, leading to airway obstruction and irritation. This compression can directly stimulate the cough reflex. Auscultation during physical examination may reveal a heart murmur indicative of underlying structural abnormalities contributing to the enlargement.
-
Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Heart Disease
Chronic heart disease can lead to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, a condition known as pulmonary hypertension. Elevated pulmonary pressure causes increased vascular resistance, exacerbating the workload on the heart. Pulmonary hypertension itself can lead to respiratory distress and coughing. Doppler echocardiography is a diagnostic tool used to assess pulmonary artery pressure and evaluate the severity of pulmonary hypertension.
-
Medication-Related Cough
Some medications used to manage heart disease, such as ACE inhibitors, can occasionally induce coughing as a side effect in certain individuals. These medications work by dilating blood vessels, and in rare cases, this dilation can trigger a cough. If a dog develops a cough after starting or increasing the dosage of an ACE inhibitor, consultation with a veterinarian is warranted to assess whether the medication is contributing to the symptom.
The interplay between heart disease and canine coughing is multifactorial. Recognizing the potential for cardiac-related respiratory signs, and employing appropriate diagnostic modalities, facilitates accurate diagnosis and implementation of targeted therapies. This approach is critical for managing both the cardiovascular and respiratory aspects of the dog’s condition, optimizing overall health and well-being.
3. Lung Tumors
The presence of lung tumors represents a potentially serious etiology for persistent coughing in canines. Primary or metastatic neoplastic lesions within the pulmonary parenchyma disrupt normal respiratory function, leading to airway irritation and stimulation of the cough reflex. The mechanical obstruction caused by the tumor mass, as well as associated inflammation and fluid accumulation, contribute directly to the manifestation of this clinical sign. A dog with a history of chronic coughing, particularly if the cough is non-productive or accompanied by other symptoms such as lethargy, weight loss, or difficulty breathing, warrants thorough investigation for the possibility of pulmonary neoplasia. For example, a canine patient presenting with a persistent, worsening cough that does not respond to conventional treatments for infectious respiratory disease should be evaluated via thoracic radiographs and potentially more advanced imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) to rule out the presence of a lung tumor.
The impact of lung tumors on canine respiratory health is multifaceted. In addition to directly obstructing airways, tumors can also cause secondary complications such as pleural effusion (fluid accumulation in the chest cavity) or pneumonia, further exacerbating respiratory distress and contributing to the cough. The type of lung tumor present, its size, location, and degree of metastasis will significantly influence the severity of the cough and the overall prognosis for the affected animal. Diagnostic procedures such as bronchoscopy with biopsy or fine-needle aspiration are essential for confirming the diagnosis of a lung tumor and determining its histological type. This information is critical for guiding treatment decisions, which may include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or palliative care aimed at managing symptoms and improving quality of life. For instance, a dog diagnosed with a small, solitary lung tumor confined to one lobe may be a candidate for surgical removal of the affected lobe, potentially leading to a favorable outcome. However, in cases where the tumor has metastasized to other organs or is inoperable due to its location or size, palliative care options may be the most appropriate approach.
In summary, lung tumors should be considered a significant differential diagnosis in cases of persistent or unexplained coughing in canines. Early detection and accurate characterization of the tumor are crucial for guiding treatment strategies and maximizing the potential for positive outcomes. While lung tumors often present a significant challenge to canine health, advancements in diagnostic imaging and therapeutic interventions continue to improve the prognosis and quality of life for affected animals. The link between lung tumors and coughing highlights the importance of comprehensive veterinary care and vigilant monitoring for any changes in a dog’s respiratory status.
4. Foreign Body
The presence of a foreign body within the respiratory tract constitutes a direct irritant, frequently resulting in canine coughing. This occurs when an object, unintended for ingestion or inhalation, becomes lodged within the airways, triggering the cough reflex as the body attempts expulsion. The location and nature of the foreign body significantly influence the severity and characteristics of the cough. For example, a small grass awn lodged in the trachea will elicit persistent coughing, often accompanied by gagging or retching. Prompt identification and removal are crucial to prevent complications such as inflammation, infection, or airway obstruction, all contributing factors to respiratory distress.
Diagnostic imaging, such as radiography or endoscopy, plays a crucial role in identifying the foreign body’s presence and precise location. Bronchoscopy, a minimally invasive procedure, allows direct visualization of the airways and facilitates the removal of the offending object. The absence of timely intervention can lead to chronic inflammation, potentially resulting in bronchiectasis (permanent dilation of the bronchi) or pneumonia. A common scenario involves dogs inhaling foxtails or other plant matter during outdoor activities, highlighting the importance of careful supervision and avoidance of areas with dense vegetation during certain seasons.
In summary, foreign body aspiration represents a significant cause of canine coughing. The understanding of this etiology, coupled with swift diagnostic and therapeutic action, is essential for minimizing respiratory complications and ensuring a favorable outcome. Vigilant monitoring of canine behavior during outdoor excursions and prompt veterinary consultation upon observing signs of respiratory distress remain paramount in safeguarding canine respiratory health.
5. Allergies
Allergic reactions frequently manifest as respiratory symptoms in canines, contributing significantly to the occurrence of coughing. Allergens, whether environmental or dietary, trigger an exaggerated immune response within the respiratory system. This reaction leads to inflammation of the airways, increased mucus production, and bronchoconstriction, all of which stimulate the cough reflex. For instance, seasonal allergies to pollen can cause a dog to develop a persistent dry cough, often accompanied by sneezing and nasal discharge. The identification of the specific allergen is crucial in mitigating the allergic response and alleviating the associated respiratory distress. Without proper management, chronic allergic inflammation can lead to irreversible damage to the airways, resulting in a persistent cough and decreased respiratory function. A canine residing in a heavily wooded area during springtime may experience severe coughing due to pollen allergies, necessitating veterinary intervention to manage the inflammatory response.
The practical significance of understanding the link between allergies and coughing lies in implementing effective diagnostic and management strategies. Allergy testing, including intradermal skin testing or serum allergy testing, can pinpoint specific allergens triggering the reaction. Management strategies encompass allergen avoidance, if feasible, and pharmacologic interventions such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, or immunotherapy (allergy shots). In cases where allergen avoidance is impractical, medications may be required to suppress the immune response and reduce airway inflammation. Immunotherapy, in particular, aims to desensitize the dog to the offending allergens over time, potentially reducing the reliance on medications. A dog consistently exposed to dust mites within the home may require regular bathing, air purification, and prescription medications to control the allergic cough.
In summary, allergies represent a common and often overlooked cause of coughing in canines. Recognizing the role of allergens in triggering respiratory inflammation is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management. While identifying and avoiding allergens is ideal, pharmacologic interventions and immunotherapy provide valuable tools for controlling allergic coughing and improving the respiratory health and quality of life for affected animals. The key challenge lies in identifying the specific allergens responsible and implementing a tailored management plan in consultation with a veterinarian.
6. Parasitic Infections
Parasitic infections can significantly contribute to canine coughing, particularly when parasites affect the respiratory system. Certain internal parasites migrate through or reside within the lungs and airways, directly causing irritation and inflammation. The parasitic presence stimulates the cough reflex as the canine body attempts to expel the offending organisms or associated debris. For example, heartworm larvae, during their migratory phase, can cause lung damage and inflammation, leading to a cough often accompanied by fatigue and exercise intolerance. Similarly, lungworms, residing directly within the pulmonary tissues, cause chronic bronchitis and a persistent cough, sometimes progressing to more severe respiratory distress. Ignoring parasitic infections as a potential cause delays appropriate diagnosis and treatment, potentially leading to chronic lung damage and reduced respiratory function. A dog living in an area endemic for heartworm, even when on preventative medication, may still exhibit coughing due to larval migration or resistance, necessitating thorough veterinary investigation.
Practical implications of understanding this parasitic connection involve preventative measures and diagnostic approaches. Regular deworming protocols, tailored to the canine’s lifestyle and geographic location, are essential in minimizing parasitic burden and reducing the risk of respiratory involvement. Fecal examinations, though valuable for detecting intestinal parasites, often fail to identify lungworms or migrating heartworm larvae, necessitating more specialized diagnostic tests such as bronchoscopy with lavage or specific antigen/antibody tests. Treatment strategies vary depending on the parasite identified but typically involve anthelmintic medications to eliminate the parasitic infection. In cases of severe lung damage, supportive care, including bronchodilators and corticosteroids, may be necessary to alleviate respiratory symptoms. A working dog, frequently exposed to contaminated environments, may require more frequent deworming and veterinary monitoring to prevent parasitic respiratory complications.
In summary, parasitic infections represent a crucial consideration in the differential diagnosis of canine coughing. Proactive preventative measures, including appropriate deworming protocols and environmental awareness, are paramount in reducing the risk of parasitic respiratory disease. Timely and accurate diagnosis, utilizing specialized diagnostic techniques, is essential for implementing effective treatment strategies and mitigating the long-term consequences of parasitic lung damage. Overlooking parasitic infections as a potential cause can delay appropriate intervention, leading to chronic respiratory issues and compromised canine health.
7. Collapsed Trachea
Tracheal collapse, a progressive respiratory condition, constitutes a notable etiology for canine coughing. This ailment involves the weakening and subsequent flattening of the cartilaginous rings that maintain the trachea’s cylindrical shape. The structural compromise results in airway narrowing, particularly during inspiration, predisposing the affected animal to a characteristic “goose honk” cough. This cough originates from the vibration of the flaccid tracheal membrane as air passes through the constricted lumen. Small breed dogs, such as Yorkshire Terriers and Pomeranians, exhibit a heightened predisposition to tracheal collapse due to genetic predisposition or congenital abnormalities affecting cartilage development. A canine presenting with a chronic, harsh cough that worsens with excitement or exercise should be evaluated for potential tracheal collapse via diagnostic imaging techniques like fluoroscopy or endoscopy to visualize the airway dynamics.
The clinical significance of recognizing tracheal collapse as a cause of coughing lies in implementing appropriate management strategies. While surgical intervention, involving the placement of tracheal rings or stents, may be considered in severe cases, conservative management often proves effective in controlling symptoms. Conservative measures include weight management, the use of harnesses instead of collars to minimize tracheal pressure, and pharmacologic interventions such as cough suppressants, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and airway constriction. Environmental management, such as minimizing exposure to irritants like smoke or dust, also plays a crucial role in symptom control. For instance, an overweight, middle-aged Chihuahua exhibiting a persistent cough that resolves partially with cough suppressants but worsens with activity may benefit from a tailored weight loss program, harness adaptation, and occasional bronchodilator administration to improve airway diameter and reduce coughing episodes.
In summary, tracheal collapse is a significant contributor to coughing in certain canine breeds, particularly smaller breeds. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management, whether conservative or surgical, are essential for alleviating symptoms and improving the affected animal’s quality of life. Early intervention helps to prevent secondary complications such as bronchitis or pneumonia, underscoring the importance of considering tracheal collapse in any canine patient presenting with a chronic cough and characteristic clinical signs. The key challenge lies in early identification and the development of a comprehensive management plan tailored to the individual’s specific needs and disease severity.
8. Pneumonia
Pneumonia, an inflammatory condition of the lungs, frequently manifests as a cough in canines. This symptom arises from the irritation and fluid accumulation within the pulmonary parenchyma, stimulating the cough reflex as the respiratory system attempts to clear the airways. The causative agents of pneumonia, whether bacterial, viral, fungal, or aspiration-related, induce alveolar inflammation and consolidation, directly contributing to the cough. For example, a dog that has recently undergone anesthesia may develop aspiration pneumonia due to regurgitation, subsequently presenting with a wet, productive cough and labored breathing. The importance of pneumonia as a component of canine coughing lies in its potential severity and the need for prompt and accurate diagnosis to prevent life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure or sepsis. The identification of pneumonia as the underlying cause necessitates immediate intervention, including antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections, supportive care to address dehydration and hypoxia, and measures to improve ventilation.
The practical significance of understanding the pneumonia-cough connection extends to diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. Radiographic imaging, specifically thoracic radiographs, is essential for confirming the presence of pneumonia and assessing its extent and distribution within the lungs. Cytological examination of tracheal washes or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid aids in identifying the causative agent, guiding appropriate antimicrobial selection. Supportive care, including oxygen supplementation, nebulization, and coupage, is crucial in promoting airway clearance and improving oxygenation. Furthermore, addressing underlying predisposing factors, such as megaesophagus or immunosuppression, is essential in preventing recurrent episodes of pneumonia. A geriatric canine with chronic bronchitis, for instance, may develop secondary bacterial pneumonia, necessitating not only antibiotic treatment but also management of the underlying bronchitis to minimize future infection risk.
In summary, pneumonia represents a critical cause of coughing in canines, necessitating rapid diagnosis and targeted treatment. Understanding the etiology of pneumonia, coupled with appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, is paramount for preventing severe respiratory compromise and ensuring a favorable outcome. The practical implications of recognizing pneumonia as the underlying cause underscore the importance of vigilance in monitoring canine respiratory health and seeking prompt veterinary care upon the onset of coughing or other respiratory distress signs. Ignoring pneumonia as a potential cause can lead to delayed treatment, increased morbidity, and potentially mortality, emphasizing the importance of a thorough diagnostic approach in all cases of canine coughing.
9. Environmental Irritants
Exposure to environmental irritants represents a significant, often overlooked, contributor to the manifestation of coughing in canines. These irritants, present in various forms within a dog’s surroundings, trigger inflammatory responses within the respiratory tract, leading to airway constriction and subsequent coughing. Identifying and mitigating exposure to these irritants is crucial for managing and preventing respiratory distress.
-
Airborne Allergens
Airborne allergens, such as pollen, mold spores, and dust mites, provoke allergic reactions in susceptible canines. Inhaling these allergens induces inflammation within the airways, leading to increased mucus production and bronchoconstriction. This response stimulates the cough reflex as the dog attempts to clear the irritated airways. A canine residing in an environment with high pollen counts during seasonal changes may experience heightened coughing episodes.
-
Chemical Irritants
Chemical irritants, including cleaning products, aerosols, and secondhand smoke, possess the capacity to inflame and damage the respiratory epithelium. Exposure to these substances results in airway irritation, increased mucus secretion, and coughing. Household cleaning agents, when improperly ventilated, can generate fumes that trigger respiratory distress in sensitive canines. Similarly, prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke can exacerbate coughing and increase the risk of chronic respiratory diseases.
-
Particulate Matter
Particulate matter, encompassing dust, smog, and other microscopic particles, can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract, causing inflammation and irritation. Chronic exposure to particulate matter compromises airway health and contributes to persistent coughing. Canines residing in urban environments with high levels of air pollution are particularly susceptible to respiratory irritation caused by particulate matter.
-
Temperature and Humidity
Extreme fluctuations in temperature and humidity can exacerbate respiratory conditions and trigger coughing. Cold, dry air can irritate the airways, leading to increased mucus production and coughing. Conversely, high humidity can promote the growth of mold and other allergens, further contributing to respiratory distress. Abrupt changes in environmental conditions can challenge a canine’s respiratory system, especially in individuals with pre-existing respiratory sensitivities.
The connection between environmental irritants and coughing underscores the importance of maintaining a clean, well-ventilated living environment for canines. Minimizing exposure to airborne allergens, chemical fumes, and particulate matter, alongside managing temperature and humidity levels, constitutes a critical aspect of promoting respiratory health and mitigating the potential for coughing. The proactive identification and management of environmental risk factors contributes significantly to the overall well-being of canine companions.
Frequently Asked Questions
The following addresses common inquiries regarding canine coughing, providing factual information and clarifying potential misconceptions.
Question 1: What signifies the urgency of seeking veterinary care for a coughing dog?
Veterinary consultation is warranted if the cough is persistent, worsening, accompanied by labored breathing, lethargy, loss of appetite, or if the dog collapses. These signs suggest a potentially serious underlying condition requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Question 2: Is canine coughing always indicative of kennel cough?
While kennel cough is a common cause, coughing can stem from diverse etiologies, including heart disease, lung tumors, foreign bodies, allergies, and parasitic infections. A thorough veterinary examination is necessary for accurate diagnosis.
Question 3: Can home remedies effectively treat a coughing dog?
Home remedies may provide temporary relief for mild coughing. However, relying solely on home treatments without veterinary assessment can delay proper diagnosis and treatment of potentially serious underlying conditions.
Question 4: Is vaccination an effective preventative measure against canine coughing?
Vaccination against common respiratory pathogens, such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, can reduce the risk of kennel cough. However, vaccination does not provide complete protection against all causes of canine coughing.
Question 5: Does canine coughing indicate a contagious condition?
Coughing can be symptomatic of contagious diseases, such as kennel cough or canine influenza. Isolation of the affected dog from other canines is recommended to prevent further transmission.
Question 6: Can environmental factors contribute to canine coughing?
Exposure to environmental irritants, such as smoke, dust, and allergens, can trigger coughing in susceptible dogs. Minimizing exposure to these irritants can help alleviate respiratory symptoms.
Prompt and accurate diagnosis, coupled with appropriate treatment strategies, are essential for managing canine coughing effectively. Veterinary intervention is crucial for determining the underlying cause and implementing the most suitable course of action.
The subsequent section will explore preventative measures and strategies for maintaining optimal canine respiratory health.
Respiratory Health Maintenance for Canines
Maintaining optimal respiratory health in canines necessitates proactive measures aimed at preventing coughing and related respiratory distress. The following outlines essential tips for safeguarding canine respiratory well-being.
Tip 1: Implement Regular Vaccination Protocols: Adherence to recommended vaccination schedules protects against common infectious respiratory diseases, such as kennel cough and canine influenza, significantly reducing the risk of infection-related coughing.
Tip 2: Minimize Exposure to Environmental Irritants: Reducing contact with smoke, dust, pollen, and chemical fumes alleviates respiratory irritation. Air purifiers and regular cleaning practices minimize airborne irritants within the canine’s living environment.
Tip 3: Maintain Optimal Weight and Physical Fitness: Obesity exacerbates respiratory compromise. Regular exercise and a balanced diet support cardiovascular and pulmonary function, reducing the likelihood of coughing associated with obesity-related respiratory stress.
Tip 4: Utilize a Harness Instead of a Collar: Collars can exert pressure on the trachea, particularly in small breeds predisposed to tracheal collapse. A harness distributes pressure more evenly, minimizing tracheal irritation and reducing the risk of coughing.
Tip 5: Practice Good Dental Hygiene: Dental disease can lead to chronic inflammation and bacteremia, potentially contributing to respiratory infections. Regular dental care helps prevent oral bacteria from ascending into the respiratory tract.
Tip 6: Ensure Adequate Ventilation: Maintaining proper ventilation within the canine’s living space minimizes the concentration of airborne pathogens and irritants. Regular airing of the home promotes optimal air quality.
Tip 7: Monitor Air Quality: Awareness of local air quality indices enables informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities. Limiting outdoor exercise during periods of high pollution mitigates respiratory irritation.
These proactive measures, when implemented consistently, significantly contribute to the maintenance of robust canine respiratory health, reducing the incidence and severity of coughing episodes.
The subsequent concluding section will synthesize key concepts discussed throughout this document and reinforce the significance of proactive canine respiratory care.
Conclusion
The comprehensive exploration of “why my dog is coughing” reveals a complex interplay of potential etiological factors. Infectious diseases, cardiac dysfunction, neoplasia, foreign bodies, allergies, parasitic infections, tracheal collapse, pneumonia, and environmental irritants all contribute to the manifestation of this symptom. Accurate diagnosis necessitates a thorough veterinary examination, incorporating clinical history, physical assessment, and diagnostic modalities. Effective management strategies hinge upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause, employing targeted therapies and supportive care to alleviate respiratory distress and prevent long-term complications.
The persistent or worsening nature of canine coughing warrants vigilant monitoring and prompt veterinary intervention. Recognizing the diverse origins of respiratory distress empowers responsible pet ownership through informed decision-making and proactive healthcare practices. The continued advancement of veterinary medicine promises improved diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions, facilitating enhanced management and ultimately optimizing the respiratory health and well-being of canine companions.
