9+ Reasons: Why Pray In Jesus' Name?


9+ Reasons: Why Pray In Jesus' Name?

The concluding phrase used in Christian prayer, often spoken as “in Jesus’ name,” serves as an invocation and acknowledgement of Jesus Christ’s authority and role as mediator between humanity and God. It is an appeal to God based on the merits and character of Jesus, rather than solely on the individual’s own worthiness. As an example, a person might end a prayer for healing by saying, “We ask this in Jesus’ name,” signifying a reliance on Christ’s power for that healing to occur.

The practice holds significant importance, rooted in New Testament scripture. It reflects the belief that access to God is granted through Jesus. Benefits include a sense of unity with other believers and a strengthening of faith. Historically, this practice developed from the understanding of Christ’s unique position as the Son of God and the only path to salvation as described in various biblical texts. The act acknowledges Christ’s sacrifice and intercession, and serves as a constant reminder of His role in the relationship between the individual and the divine.

This practice underscores core tenets of Christian theology, encompassing concepts such as atonement, grace, and the nature of prayer. The following sections will further explore these underlying theological principles that shape the meaning and significance of this prayerful convention.

1. Mediatorial Role

The concept of a mediatorial role is fundamental to understanding the significance of concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name.” This role, central to Christian doctrine, positions Jesus Christ as the intermediary between God and humanity. Due to the belief in humanity’s inherent sinfulness and separation from a holy God, a mediator is considered necessary to bridge this divide. Therefore, prayers are not viewed as being directly presented to God solely on the individual’s merit but rather are offered through the intercession of Jesus Christ.

The practical significance lies in acknowledging the limitations of human worthiness and the reliance on Christ’s righteousness. For instance, a prayer for forgiveness is not merely a request for pardon; it is an appeal to God’s mercy based on the atoning sacrifice of Jesus. This underscores the belief that forgiveness is granted not as a right but as a gift earned through Christ’s actions. Similarly, prayers for guidance or healing are presented with the understanding that divine intervention is mediated through Jesus’s power and authority. The inclusion of “in Jesus’ name” is thus a recognition of this mediatorial role and its vital importance in accessing God’s favor.

Consequently, the understanding of Jesus’s mediatorial role shapes the approach to prayer within Christian practice. It reinforces the understanding that access to God’s presence is facilitated by Christ and not by human effort alone. The continued use of this prayerful convention serves as a tangible expression of core theological beliefs and is a constant reminder of Christ’s position as the singular pathway to divine grace. The challenge lies in ensuring this practice is not reduced to a mere formula but is instead a genuine expression of faith in the efficacy of Christ’s mediatorial work.

2. Christ’s Authority

The practice of concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name” is inextricably linked to the belief in and acknowledgement of Christ’s inherent authority. This authority, stemming from His divine nature and role in salvation, underpins the efficacy and legitimacy of prayers offered in this manner. It is not merely a formulaic ending but a declaration of Christ’s power to intercede and grant access to God.

  • Delegated Power

    Christian theology posits that Jesus Christ possesses delegated authority from God the Father. This delegation is evidenced in the New Testament, where Jesus is depicted performing miracles, forgiving sins, and teaching with unparalleled authority. Concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name” signifies that the request is presented through this divinely bestowed power. A practical example is seeking healing; the prayer is made believing that Jesus, through His authority, can effect the desired outcome. This implies a recognition that divine intervention is not random but is channeled through the sanctioned authority of Christ.

  • Kingdom Authority

    The notion of Christ’s Kingdom further emphasizes His authority. Christians believe that Jesus is the King of Kings and Lord of Lords, possessing dominion over all creation. Therefore, prayers offered in His name are presented to the ultimate sovereign authority. For example, praying for justice in a corrupt system is an appeal to a higher, righteous authority believed to be embodied in Christ. The implications are that earthly powers are subordinate to Christ’s Kingdom, and petitions made under His authority carry the weight of divine governance.

  • Authority Over Evil

    A significant aspect of Christ’s authority lies in His victory over sin, death, and evil. Prayers concluded in His name often seek protection from negative influences or spiritual warfare. For instance, a prayer for deliverance from temptation invokes Christ’s authority to overcome the power of evil. The understanding is that Christ’s triumph over these forces provides believers with a shield and a source of strength. This authority acts as a counterbalance to the perceived presence and influence of malevolent entities, providing reassurance and hope.

  • Access to the Father

    Perhaps the most crucial facet of Christ’s authority in relation to prayer is that it provides access to God the Father. Believers assert that, through Christ’s sacrifice, they can approach God directly, which would otherwise be impossible due to human imperfection. Therefore, ending a prayer with “in Jesus’ name” affirms the believer’s reliance on Christ as the gateway to divine communication. This is exemplified in seeking forgiveness, where the appeal is made based on Christ’s atoning death, thereby granting the individual reconciliation with God. It’s the foundation upon which the entire practice rests.

These facets underscore that the practice of praying in Jesus’ name is not merely a rote recitation but a profound affirmation of Christ’s multifaceted authority. This authority, whether expressed as delegated power, kingdom dominion, victory over evil, or access to the Father, is the cornerstone upon which the legitimacy and effectiveness of such prayers are based. The recognition of this authority shapes the prayer’s intent, the believer’s expectations, and the perceived outcome, solidifying its central role in Christian prayer tradition.

3. Atonement Sacrifice

The concept of atonement sacrifice forms a critical link to the practice of concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name.” This connection rests on the theological tenet that humanity is inherently separated from God due to sin, and this separation necessitates a means of reconciliation. The atonement sacrifice, referring to Jesus Christ’s death on the cross, is understood as the means by which this reconciliation is achieved. Consequently, ending prayers with “in Jesus’ name” functions as an invocation of this sacrifice, appealing to its efficacy in bridging the divide between humanity and the divine. The causal relationship lies in the belief that the atonement makes access to God possible, and praying “in Jesus’ name” actively acknowledges and relies upon that access.

The importance of the atonement sacrifice as a component of this prayerful convention is exemplified in its application to various prayer requests. When seeking forgiveness, the invocation serves as a reminder that forgiveness is granted through Christ’s sacrifice, not through inherent human merit. Similarly, prayers for healing, guidance, or provision are presented with the understanding that these blessings are accessible because of the atoning work of Christ. Practically, this means that the act of praying in Jesus’ name reinforces the believer’s reliance on the sacrificial act as the foundation for their communication with God. The implication is that without the atonement, such access would not be possible. This understanding also influences the believers attitude, fostering humility and gratitude for the unmerited favor believed to be granted through Christ.

In summary, the connection between atonement sacrifice and praying in Jesus’ name is profound. The latter is an active recognition and invocation of the former, underscoring the belief that access to God is made possible solely through Christ’s sacrificial offering. Challenges may arise when the practice becomes rote, losing its meaningful connection to the underlying theological principle. However, a conscious understanding of the atonement sacrifice and its implications serves to maintain the integrity and significance of the practice within Christian prayer life, aligning it with the broader theme of salvation and reconciliation with God.

4. Biblical Mandate

The practice of concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name” is not merely a customary addition but is deeply rooted in specific scriptural directives and examples found within the Bible. These passages provide the underlying justification and directive for this practice, shaping the belief that prayer offered in this manner is aligned with God’s will and has a unique potential for efficacy. The presence of these mandates establishes a clear connection between biblical authority and the act of invoking Jesus’ name in prayer. A direct example can be found in John 14:13-14, where Jesus states, “And I will do whatever you ask in my name, so that the Father may be glorified in the Son. You may ask me for anything in my name, and I will do it.” This promise serves as a foundational scripture for the belief that prayers offered in Jesus’ name are heard and answered by God.

Further bolstering the biblical mandate are numerous instances throughout the New Testament where prayers and acts of healing are performed in the name of Jesus. In the Book of Acts, the apostles consistently invoke the name of Jesus when healing the sick or casting out demons, demonstrating a practical application of this principle. This historical precedent reinforces the belief that the name of Jesus carries inherent power and authority. Additionally, the repeated emphasis on Jesus as the mediator between God and humanity reinforces the notion that approaching God directly requires acknowledging Christ’s role and authority. Therefore, the concluding phrase “in Jesus’ name” functions as an explicit recognition of this mediatorial position, aligning the prayer with the broader biblical narrative of salvation through Christ.

In summary, the biblical mandate provides a crucial justification for the practice of praying in Jesus’ name. The scriptural directives and examples found in both the Gospels and the Book of Acts serve as a strong foundation for this convention, reinforcing the belief that prayers offered in this manner are aligned with God’s will and possess a unique power. While the practice should not devolve into a mere formality, a conscious understanding of the biblical basis for invoking Jesus’ name maintains the integrity and significance of this aspect of Christian prayer.

5. Access to God

The concluding phrase common in Christian prayer is inextricably linked to the theological concept of access to God. The phrase signifies the belief that direct communion with the divine is not readily available to humanity due to perceived inherent sinfulness or unworthiness. This theological framework posits that Jesus Christ serves as the necessary intermediary, enabling a pathway to God that would otherwise be inaccessible. Prayers concluded with “in Jesus’ name” thus represent an acknowledgement and invocation of this mediated access. A cause-and-effect relationship is evident: belief in Christ’s role as mediator allows believers to approach God with confidence, and this belief manifests in the practice of invoking His name in prayer. The absence of such a belief would negate the perceived need to conclude prayers in this manner. Therefore, the tenet of access to God through Christ is an indispensable component of the tradition of praying in Jesus’ name.

Practical significance is observed in various aspects of Christian life. For example, during times of personal crisis, believers may turn to prayer, consciously invoking Jesus’ name as a means of seeking divine intervention, believing that it is through Him that their supplications will be heard. The psychological impact is that this provides a sense of assurance and hope, reinforcing their reliance on Christ as the conduit to divine grace. Similarly, in communal worship settings, the practice unites believers in a shared acknowledgement of Christ’s role, strengthening their collective faith. In contrast, some argue that a hyper-focus on mediated access could diminish the sense of direct personal relationship with God. However, proponents maintain that the emphasis on Christ’s role enhances their appreciation for the gift of access, leading to deeper reverence and gratitude.

In summary, the connection between access to God and the convention of concluding prayers in Jesus’ name is a central tenet of Christian theology. The latter is an active expression of the former, reflecting a belief in Christ’s mediatorial role. Challenges may arise in balancing the emphasis on mediated access with the desire for a direct relationship with God. However, a clear understanding of the underlying theological principles serves to maintain the integrity and significance of the practice, ensuring it remains a meaningful expression of faith and reliance on Christ as the pathway to divine grace.

6. Spiritual Unity

The invocation of Jesus’ name in prayer fosters a sense of spiritual unity among believers, transcending denominational and cultural boundaries. This shared practice, rooted in a common faith, reinforces a collective identity and purpose among those who adhere to Christian teachings.

  • Shared Theological Foundation

    The act of praying in Jesus’ name presupposes a shared acceptance of fundamental Christian doctrines, including the divinity of Christ, His role as mediator, and the authority of scripture. This common theological framework creates a foundation for spiritual unity, as believers recognize a shared understanding of God and the means of approaching Him. For example, individuals from diverse backgrounds, united by their belief in Christ, can pray together, knowing their petitions are being presented through the same acknowledged mediator. The implication is that theological alignment strengthens the bonds within the Christian community, fostering a sense of collective purpose and identity.

  • Collective Identity

    The consistent use of “in Jesus’ name” reinforces a sense of belonging to a larger community of faith. This common practice serves as a visible symbol of Christian identity, distinguishing believers from those of other faiths. Whether in personal devotion or corporate worship, this phrase acts as a unifying element, reminding individuals of their connection to a global network of Christians. For instance, during times of crisis, Christians across the world may unite in prayer, invoking Jesus’ name, and experiencing a sense of solidarity despite geographical separation. The implication is that this shared identity fosters mutual support and encouragement among believers, strengthening the overall cohesiveness of the Christian community.

  • Transcending Divisions

    While denominational differences and theological nuances can sometimes lead to divisions within Christianity, the practice of praying in Jesus’ name can serve as a unifying force, transcending these disparities. Regardless of specific affiliations, most Christian traditions incorporate this phrase in their prayer practices, highlighting a shared commitment to Christ as the central figure of their faith. For example, Christians from various denominations might come together for a community prayer meeting, invoking Jesus’ name in their petitions, and recognizing a common bond despite differing theological perspectives. The implication is that this shared practice provides a point of convergence, emphasizing unity amidst diversity and fostering greater understanding and cooperation among different Christian groups.

  • Promoting Harmony

    By praying in unison, using the same invocation, Christians reinforce their mutual love and respect, minimizing opportunities for conflict and fostering harmony. This shared act of faith reminds believers of their common purpose of serving Christ, which can strengthen relationships. If challenges occur between church communities, using this phrase can restore peace between them.

In summary, praying in Jesus’ name is more than a theological procedure; it is a practical instrument of faith. Through an aligned understanding of basic Christian beliefs, a shared sense of group, and crossing divisions, this practice plays a crucial role in promoting and maintaining spiritual unity across the Christian community. It reminds us that despite our differences, our shared allegiance to Jesus is a strong bond.

7. Faith Affirmation

The concluding phrase in Christian prayer functions as a tangible affirmation of faith. This affirmation is not merely a verbal declaration but a concentrated expression of core theological beliefs central to Christianity. The act of invoking Jesus’ name underscores reliance on His atoning sacrifice, authority, and mediatorial role between humanity and God. Consequently, this action reinforces the believer’s adherence to fundamental tenets of the faith, solidifying personal conviction and strengthening their relationship with the divine. For instance, an individual facing hardship might conclude their prayer with this phrase, simultaneously acknowledging Christ’s power to intervene and affirming their unwavering faith in His provision. The importance lies in transforming abstract beliefs into active expressions of faith, impacting the believer’s mindset and approach to life’s challenges.

The practical significance extends to various aspects of Christian life. In corporate worship settings, the collective utterance of “in Jesus’ name” serves as a unified declaration of faith, fostering a sense of community and shared purpose. This shared affirmation strengthens the collective identity of believers and reinforces their commitment to Christian principles. Furthermore, during personal devotion, the act of invoking Jesus’ name can serve as a reminder of God’s promises and faithfulness, bolstering the believer’s hope and perseverance. In cases of doubt or uncertainty, this practice can act as a grounding force, reaffirming their trust in Christ and providing a renewed sense of direction. The consistent use of this convention reinforces the significance of faith as an active and dynamic force in daily life.

In summary, the connection between faith affirmation and the practice of praying in Jesus’ name is critical within Christian tradition. The latter serves as a powerful and recurring affirmation of core theological beliefs, impacting individual conviction, fostering community solidarity, and providing a foundation for hope and perseverance. Challenges may arise if the practice becomes rote or lacks genuine heartfelt meaning; however, a conscious understanding of its underlying significance ensures that it remains a potent expression of faith. The convention remains a pivotal element in Christian prayer life, linking belief and action in a meaningful way.

8. Divine Grace

The doctrine of divine grace is intrinsically linked to the practice of concluding prayers in Jesus’ name within Christian traditions. Divine grace, understood as unmerited favor freely given by God, forms a crucial foundation for the efficacy and rationale behind this prayerful convention. It highlights that any positive response to prayer stems from God’s gracious disposition, not from inherent human merit or worthiness.

  • Unmerited Favor

    The concept of unmerited favor underscores that humanity is inherently incapable of earning God’s blessings or intervention. Therefore, the benefits received through prayer, such as forgiveness, healing, or provision, are understood as gifts bestowed through divine grace. For example, an individual seeking forgiveness for past transgressions recognizes that absolution is not achieved through personal effort alone, but rather through the unearned grace extended by God through Jesus Christ. The implications are that humility and gratitude become central attitudes in prayer, acknowledging dependence on God’s gracious nature rather than personal achievements.

  • Atonement and Grace

    The atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ is seen as the ultimate expression of divine grace. It provides the means through which humanity can be reconciled with God, enabling access to divine blessings and intervention. Therefore, invoking Jesus’ name in prayer acknowledges this sacrifice and appeals to the grace it provides. As an example, when praying for healing, a believer appeals to the grace made available through Christ’s suffering, trusting that divine healing is a manifestation of that grace. The implications are that prayer becomes an act of faith in the transformative power of Christ’s sacrifice, recognizing its central role in receiving divine grace.

  • Empowerment for Transformation

    Divine grace is not merely a passive gift but also an active force that empowers believers for transformation and growth. Through prayer, individuals seek not only to receive blessings but also to be imbued with the grace necessary to live according to God’s will. For instance, when praying for strength to overcome temptation, believers seek the empowering grace that enables them to resist negative impulses and align their actions with Christian values. The implications are that prayer becomes a means of active participation in God’s transformative work, seeking not only external benefits but also internal renewal through divine grace.

  • Sustaining Presence

    The belief in divine grace extends beyond singular acts of intervention, encompassing a constant sustaining presence that supports believers throughout their lives. Prayer is seen as a means of tapping into this sustaining grace, providing strength, comfort, and guidance in the face of life’s challenges. As an example, during times of grief or hardship, believers may turn to prayer, seeking the sustaining grace that provides solace and empowers them to endure. The implications are that prayer becomes a continual source of support, reinforcing the belief that God’s grace is an ever-present resource available to those who seek it.

In conclusion, the intricate relationship between divine grace and the act of invoking Jesus’ name in prayer highlights the core tenets of Christian belief. This invocation embodies a request for divine grace. Understanding this connection is essential for grasping the deeper significance of prayer within Christian practice. The challenge is to ensure that the invocation remains a genuine expression of humility and dependence on God’s grace, rather than a mere formality devoid of heartfelt meaning.

9. Humble Submission

The practice of concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name” is deeply intertwined with the principle of humble submission to divine will. This connection stems from the understanding that access to God is mediated through Jesus Christ, and approaching Him requires a recognition of one’s own limitations and dependence on divine grace. The inclusion of this phrase at the close of a prayer signifies a surrender to God’s authority and an acceptance of His plan, even when it may differ from personal desires. The action of concluding prayers in this manner demonstrates a willingness to align one’s will with the perceived will of God, underscoring humility as a prerequisite for effective prayer. As an illustrative example, an individual facing illness might pray for healing but conclude the prayer with “in Jesus’ name,” signifying acceptance of God’s decision, whether it be recovery or acceptance of the illness. Thus, humble submission constitutes a fundamental component of the practice, influencing the attitude and expectations with which prayers are offered.

The practical significance of this understanding manifests in various aspects of Christian life. In times of hardship or uncertainty, the act of praying in Jesus’ name fosters a sense of peace and acceptance, even in the absence of immediate positive outcomes. It encourages believers to trust in God’s wisdom and sovereignty, recognizing that His plan is ultimately for their benefit. Moreover, this practice promotes a spirit of gratitude and contentment, enabling individuals to appreciate the blessings in their lives, regardless of their circumstances. In contrast, neglecting the element of humble submission may lead to frustration or resentment when prayers are not answered in the expected manner. Therefore, emphasizing this principle within the context of prayer cultivates a more resilient and faith-filled approach to life’s challenges. The implications are that the inclusion of this phrase should transcend rote repetition, becoming a genuine expression of surrender to God’s guidance.

In summary, the connection between humble submission and concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name” underscores a core tenet of Christian belief: approaching God requires a recognition of one’s dependence on divine grace and a willingness to align one’s will with His. This practice promotes a spirit of trust, gratitude, and resilience, fostering a deeper and more meaningful relationship with God. While the challenge lies in maintaining a genuine attitude of humility, the incorporation of this principle enhances the efficacy and significance of prayer within Christian tradition, aligning it with the broader theme of surrendering to God’s authority and seeking His guidance in all aspects of life.

Frequently Asked Questions

The following questions address common inquiries regarding the practice of concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name,” clarifying its theological basis and significance within Christian tradition.

Question 1: Is the practice of praying in Jesus’ name a biblical requirement?

While the New Testament includes direct instructions to ask in Jesus’ name (John 14:13-14), the emphasis lies on the underlying faith and recognition of Christ’s mediatorial role, rather than a rigid adherence to a specific formula. The essence is to approach God through the authority and merit of Jesus Christ.

Question 2: Does concluding every prayer with “in Jesus’ name” guarantee a positive response?

The inclusion of this phrase does not function as a magical incantation or a guarantee of desired outcomes. Rather, it signifies a humble submission to God’s will and a reliance on His grace, recognizing that His wisdom surpasses human understanding. The outcome of prayer is contingent upon God’s sovereign plan.

Question 3: Is it appropriate to pray in Jesus’ name in public settings where not everyone shares Christian beliefs?

When praying in public, discretion and sensitivity are paramount. While individuals are free to express their faith, consideration should be given to those who may not share the same beliefs. It is essential to balance personal conviction with respect for the diverse viewpoints present in the setting.

Question 4: Does praying in Jesus’ name exclude the possibility of direct communication with God?

The invocation of Jesus’ name does not preclude a personal relationship with God. Rather, it acknowledges Christ’s role as the mediator who makes such a relationship possible. It serves as a reminder of the path of access to the divine, as provided through Christian theology.

Question 5: Can prayers be effective if they are not explicitly concluded with “in Jesus’ name?”

The effectiveness of prayer is primarily determined by the sincerity of the heart, the alignment with God’s will, and the faith of the individual offering the prayer. While the phrase serves as a valuable reminder of Christ’s role, its absence does not necessarily invalidate the prayer, provided the underlying spirit of dependence on Christ is present.

Question 6: How can the practice of praying in Jesus’ name avoid becoming a rote or meaningless ritual?

To prevent this practice from becoming a mere formality, it is essential to cultivate a conscious understanding of its theological significance and to approach prayer with sincerity and reverence. Regularly reflecting on the meaning behind the phrase can help maintain its integrity and prevent it from devolving into an empty recitation.

In summary, the practice of concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name” is a significant aspect of Christian tradition, rooted in biblical teachings and theological principles. Its effectiveness hinges on the sincerity of the heart, the alignment with God’s will, and a conscious understanding of its underlying meaning.

The next section will delve into practical applications of this practice within various Christian contexts.

Enhancing Understanding of the Invocation of Jesus’ Name in Prayer

The following suggestions can foster a more profound understanding of the practice of concluding prayers with “in Jesus’ name,” encouraging a meaningful integration of this convention into the Christian faith.

Tip 1: Study Relevant Scriptures. Conduct a comprehensive review of New Testament passages that reference prayer and the authority of Jesus Christ. John 14:6, John 14:13-14, and various instances in the Book of Acts offer valuable insights into the biblical basis for this practice.

Tip 2: Reflect on Theological Foundations. Delve into the theological concepts underpinning the practice, including atonement, grace, mediation, and submission. Understanding these concepts will enrich the prayer experience and prevent rote recitation.

Tip 3: Examine Historical Context. Explore the historical development of this practice within Christian tradition. Understanding its origins and evolution provides a deeper appreciation for its significance.

Tip 4: Cultivate Sincerity in Prayer. Approach prayer with humility, reverence, and a genuine desire to connect with God. Avoid treating the concluding phrase as a mere formality; rather, let it be a heartfelt expression of faith and dependence on Christ.

Tip 5: Practice Discernment in Public Prayer. When praying in public settings, exercise sensitivity and consideration for those who may not share Christian beliefs. Seek to express faith in a way that is respectful and inclusive.

Tip 6: Engage in Theological Discussion. Participate in discussions with fellow believers and theologians to explore various perspectives on the meaning and application of this practice. Engaging in thoughtful dialogue can deepen understanding and address potential concerns.

Tip 7: Personalize the Prayer Experience. While adhering to established Christian traditions, allow for personal expression and creativity in prayer. Do not be confined to rigid formulas; rather, seek to connect with God in a way that is authentic and meaningful.

These strategies offer a path towards a more nuanced comprehension of the meaning and importance of “in Jesus’ name” in prayer. By doing so, individuals can ensure the invocation is a meaningful practice of faith.

The next section provides concluding remarks to further solidify the key ideas presented in the article.

Why Do We Pray in Jesus’ Name

The exploration of why do we pray in jesus name has revealed a complex interplay of theological tenets, biblical mandates, and practical applications within Christian tradition. This inquiry has underscored the significance of atonement sacrifice, Christ’s authority, divine grace, and humble submission as fundamental elements shaping the practice. Further, it has been established that praying in Jesus’ name is an expression of faith, that promotes spiritual unity and gives a tangible sense of accessing God.

Understanding “why do we pray in jesus name” is not merely an academic exercise, but an invitation to engage with the heart of Christian faith. In a world increasingly characterized by secularization and skepticism, such understanding ensures the practice of invoking Jesus’ name remains a powerful and meaningful expression of belief, connecting individuals with the divine through the ordained mediator, Jesus Christ.