Discomfort experienced in the teeth during mastication, or chewing, can stem from a variety of underlying causes. This sensation is a signal that some aspect of the oral environment is compromised, ranging from minor irritations to more significant dental pathologies. The intensity and location of the discomfort can offer clues as to the specific origin of the problem.
Addressing dental pain associated with eating is crucial for maintaining proper nutrition and overall oral health. Persistent discomfort can lead to altered eating habits, potentially resulting in dietary deficiencies. Furthermore, early intervention in identifying the source of the pain can prevent the progression of certain dental conditions, minimizing the need for extensive and costly treatments in the future. Understanding the potential causes allows individuals to make informed decisions about seeking appropriate dental care.
The following sections will explore common factors contributing to tooth pain during chewing, including dental decay, gum disease, tooth fractures, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, and sinus infections. Each of these conditions presents with distinct characteristics and requires tailored diagnostic and treatment approaches.
1. Decay
Dental decay, or caries, is a significant etiological factor in the experience of tooth pain during chewing. The process involves the gradual demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin due to the action of bacteria metabolizing sugars and producing acids. As the decay progresses through the enamel, the protective outer layer, it eventually reaches the dentin, a more porous and sensitive tissue. When masticatory forces are applied, the compromised tooth structure is subjected to stress, stimulating the nerve endings within the dentin, thus eliciting pain.
The pain associated with decay manifests variably depending on the extent of the lesion. In early stages, sensitivity to sweet or cold stimuli may be the primary symptom. As the decay deepens, the pain becomes more pronounced during chewing, particularly when the affected tooth is directly involved in biting or grinding food. A real-world example would be an individual experiencing sharp pain when biting down on an apple with a tooth exhibiting an untreated cavity. The pressure exerted during chewing directly stimulates the exposed dentinal tubules, transmitting pain signals to the pulp.
Understanding the role of decay in causing chewing-related tooth pain underscores the importance of preventive measures such as regular oral hygiene practices, including brushing and flossing, and professional dental check-ups. Early detection and treatment of dental caries through restorative procedures like fillings can effectively eliminate the source of the pain and prevent further destruction of the tooth structure. Failure to address decay promptly can lead to more severe complications, potentially necessitating root canal therapy or tooth extraction.
2. Fractures
Tooth fractures, encompassing a spectrum from minor cracks to complete breaks, represent a significant contributor to masticatory pain. The integrity of the tooth structure is compromised, allowing forces generated during chewing to directly impact underlying sensitive tissues. This impact can stimulate nerve endings within the dentin and pulp, producing sharp or throbbing pain. The degree of pain is directly proportional to the extent and location of the fracture, as well as the force applied during chewing. For instance, a cracked tooth extending towards the pulp will exhibit more pronounced discomfort compared to a superficial enamel crack. The act of biting down on hard foods, such as nuts or ice, can acutely exacerbate the pain emanating from a fractured tooth, highlighting the direct relationship between force and sensory response.
The location of the fracture dictates the specific pain characteristics. Fractures near the gum line may induce pain during chewing due to the associated inflammation and potential exposure of the root surface. Vertical root fractures, often challenging to detect, can cause severe pain upon biting down, as the forces act to separate the fractured segments. Similarly, cusp fractures, commonly occurring in teeth with large fillings, create sharp edges that irritate the surrounding soft tissues during mastication, resulting in localized pain. Real-world scenario: A patient with a previously unnoticed hairline fracture experiences intense pain only when chewing hard-textured foods, revealing the fracture’s role.
Recognizing the connection between tooth fractures and chewing-related pain emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive dental examinations. Early detection and appropriate intervention, such as bonding, crowns, or root canal treatment, are crucial for alleviating pain, preventing further damage, and preserving tooth function. Untreated fractures can lead to increased tooth sensitivity, infection, and ultimately, tooth loss. Therefore, understanding the etiology and pain mechanisms associated with tooth fractures is paramount in maintaining optimal oral health and comfortable masticatory function.
3. Inflammation
Inflammation within the oral cavity, specifically in the tissues surrounding the teeth, significantly contributes to discomfort experienced during mastication. The inflammatory process sensitizes nerve endings and alters tissue physiology, thereby lowering the pain threshold and increasing the likelihood of pain during chewing.
-
Gingivitis and Periodontitis
Gingivitis, an inflammation of the gingiva (gums), and periodontitis, a more advanced condition involving bone loss and destruction of periodontal ligaments, both heighten sensitivity to pressure. Inflamed gums swell and become more prone to bleeding, creating discomfort during even gentle chewing. For example, individuals with untreated gingivitis may experience pain when consuming fibrous foods that irritate the inflamed tissues. The resultant swelling can alter the bite and cause further discomfort during masticatory function.
-
Periapical Inflammation
Periapical inflammation, stemming from infection or trauma at the apex of the tooth root, results in the formation of an inflammatory lesion. This lesion exerts pressure on the surrounding bone and tissues, intensifying pain during chewing. When a tooth with periapical inflammation is subjected to occlusal forces, the pressure within the lesion increases, stimulating pain receptors. An instance of this is throbbing pain experienced when chewing on a tooth with a periapical abscess, which subsides after antibiotics or root canal treatment addresses the inflammation.
-
Pulpitis
Pulpitis, inflammation of the dental pulp (the tooth’s nerve and blood vessel core), can arise from deep dental caries, trauma, or repeated dental procedures. The inflamed pulp becomes hypersensitive to stimuli, including the forces generated during chewing. The inflammation increases intrapulpal pressure, leading to sharp, intense pain when the tooth is engaged in biting or grinding. As an illustrative scenario, a person with pulpitis may experience extreme pain when chewing, forcing them to favor the unaffected side of their mouth.
-
Occlusal Trauma
Occlusal trauma, caused by excessive or uneven forces on the teeth, triggers inflammation in the periodontal tissues and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This inflammation leads to pain and sensitivity during chewing. Malocclusion, bruxism, or clenching can contribute to occlusal trauma. Example: An individual with bruxism may wake up with sore jaw muscles and experience pain while chewing throughout the day due to the chronic inflammation in the TMJ and periodontal ligaments from constant pressure.
These inflammatory conditions underscore the complex relationship between oral health and the ability to chew without pain. Effective management of inflammation, whether through improved oral hygiene, restorative procedures, or treatment of underlying systemic conditions, is crucial for alleviating masticatory pain and restoring comfortable oral function.
4. Infection
Infection within the oral cavity represents a significant etiological factor in the manifestation of dental pain during mastication. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms and the subsequent inflammatory response can directly affect the pulpal and periapical tissues, leading to pain experienced when chewing.
-
Pulpal Infection
Pulpal infection, often resulting from untreated dental caries that penetrate the enamel and dentin layers, allows bacteria to invade the pulp chamber. The ensuing inflammatory response and subsequent necrosis of the pulpal tissues cause heightened sensitivity to pressure. Chewing forces applied to the infected tooth exacerbate the inflammatory process, leading to sharp, throbbing pain. An example is a tooth with a deep cavity causing intense pain upon biting down on food.
-
Periapical Abscess
A periapical abscess develops when pulpal infection spreads beyond the root apex into the surrounding bone. This localized collection of pus exerts pressure on the adjacent tissues and nerve endings, causing significant pain during chewing. The act of bringing the teeth together increases the pressure within the abscess, intensifying the pain sensation. This is illustrated by the sharp, localized pain experienced when biting down on a tooth with a periapical abscess, frequently accompanied by swelling.
-
Periodontal Abscess
Periodontal abscesses arise from infection within the periodontal tissues, often due to pre-existing periodontal disease. Bacteria invade deep periodontal pockets, leading to localized inflammation and pus formation. The swelling and inflammation caused by the abscess make the surrounding teeth sensitive to pressure, resulting in pain during chewing. As an example, a patient with advanced periodontitis may experience pain in a specific area of the mouth when chewing, due to a periodontal abscess.
-
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis, an infection of the bone, can occur in the jaws following dental infections, trauma, or surgical procedures. This condition causes intense pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. The forces exerted during chewing stimulate the inflamed bone and surrounding tissues, exacerbating the pain. An individual with osteomyelitis of the mandible, for instance, may find it extremely painful to chew due to the infection affecting the jawbone.
These infectious processes illustrate the direct connection between oral infections and chewing-related dental pain. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, typically involving antibiotics, drainage of abscesses, and root canal therapy or tooth extraction, are crucial for alleviating the pain and preventing further spread of infection. Addressing underlying conditions, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, is also essential for preventing recurrent infections and maintaining comfortable oral function.
5. Occlusion
Occlusion, defined as the manner in which the upper and lower teeth meet during biting and chewing, plays a critical role in the distribution of forces throughout the oral cavity. Malocclusion, or misalignment of the teeth, can lead to uneven stress distribution, concentrating forces on specific teeth or areas of the jaw. This uneven distribution frequently results in localized pain during mastication, as the affected teeth are subjected to excessive pressure. For instance, an individual with a crossbite may experience pain on one side of the mouth while chewing due to the abnormal contact between the upper and lower teeth in that region. The increased stress on the affected teeth can cause inflammation of the periodontal ligament, leading to discomfort. Additionally, malocclusion can contribute to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, further exacerbating pain during chewing.
The impact of occlusion extends beyond the teeth themselves, affecting the surrounding structures, including the muscles of mastication and the TMJ. An unstable bite, characterized by premature contacts or interferences, can force the masticatory muscles to work harder to achieve proper chewing function. This increased muscle activity can lead to fatigue, spasms, and pain in the jaw, face, and neck. Furthermore, an imbalanced bite can place undue stress on the TMJ, potentially leading to inflammation, clicking, popping, and pain in the joint. A practical example of this is an individual who clenches or grinds teeth (bruxism) due to an unstable bite; this parafunctional habit subjects the teeth and jaw to excessive forces, often resulting in pain while chewing.
Addressing occlusal issues is essential for alleviating masticatory pain and restoring comfortable oral function. Occlusal adjustments, such as selective grinding of tooth surfaces, can help to eliminate premature contacts and improve the distribution of forces. Orthodontic treatment may be necessary to correct significant malocclusions and achieve a stable, balanced bite. In cases of TMJ disorders, splints or other appliances may be used to stabilize the joint and reduce muscle tension. Ultimately, proper occlusal management aims to distribute biting forces evenly across all teeth, minimizing stress on individual teeth, muscles, and the TMJ, thereby reducing pain during chewing and promoting long-term oral health.
6. Sensitivity
Dental sensitivity, characterized by sharp, transient pain in response to specific stimuli, frequently underlies the experience of tooth pain during mastication. This sensitivity arises from the exposure of dentinal tubules, microscopic channels within the dentin layer of the tooth, which directly connect to the nerve pulp. Various factors can lead to dentinal exposure, increasing the susceptibility to pain when teeth are subjected to the mechanical forces of chewing.
-
Enamel Erosion
Enamel erosion, the gradual wearing away of the protective enamel layer, exposes the underlying dentin and its tubules. Acidic foods and beverages, such as citrus fruits and sodas, are primary contributors to erosion. The consumption of these items weakens the enamel, making it more vulnerable to abrasion during chewing. Consequently, individuals with enamel erosion may experience heightened sensitivity when chewing, particularly with foods that are hard or acidic.
-
Gingival Recession
Gingival recession, the retraction of the gum tissue from the tooth surface, exposes the root surface, which lacks enamel and is covered by cementum, a softer tissue. Cementum is more susceptible to abrasion than enamel, and its removal exposes the dentinal tubules directly to the oral environment. Biting or chewing applies direct pressure, stimulating the exposed tubules. This leads to the experience of pain when chewing, particularly near the gumline.
-
Dental Procedures
Certain dental procedures, such as teeth whitening, scaling and root planing, and restorative treatments, can temporarily increase tooth sensitivity. Whitening agents may penetrate the enamel and irritate the pulp, while scaling and root planing can remove protective cementum, exposing dentinal tubules. Restorative procedures, such as fillings, crowns, and bridges, can cause sensitivity if the underlying dentin is not adequately sealed or if the restoration is not properly adjusted to the bite. This sensitivity may manifest as pain during chewing, particularly in the days or weeks following the procedure.
-
Tooth Fractures and Cracks
Tooth fractures and cracks, even if microscopic, can disrupt the integrity of the enamel and dentin layers, allowing stimuli to reach the pulp more easily. Chewing forces can cause the fractured segments of the tooth to move slightly, stimulating the nerve endings and eliciting pain. This is particularly pronounced when chewing hard or crunchy foods, as the forces exerted can further propagate the fracture and increase the stimulation of the nerve.
The role of sensitivity in eliciting pain during chewing underscores the importance of addressing the underlying causes of dentinal exposure. Preventive measures, such as using fluoride toothpaste, limiting acidic food consumption, and practicing gentle brushing techniques, can help protect enamel and prevent gingival recession. Additionally, desensitizing toothpastes and professional fluoride treatments can help block dentinal tubules and reduce sensitivity. Addressing these factors can significantly alleviate discomfort during mastication and improve overall oral health.
7. Abscess
An abscess, a localized collection of pus resulting from bacterial infection, constitutes a significant etiological factor in the experience of dental pain during mastication. The accumulation of inflammatory cells and bacterial byproducts within a confined space generates pressure on surrounding tissues, including the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. This pressure, combined with the inflammatory mediators released during the infectious process, sensitizes nerve endings, leading to heightened pain perception when chewing forces are applied. A periapical abscess, arising from pulpal necrosis and subsequent bacterial invasion into the periapical tissues, exemplifies this phenomenon. The force exerted upon the affected tooth during mastication further compresses the abscess, intensifying the pain signal. Likewise, a periodontal abscess, originating within the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket, causes localized inflammation and swelling, rendering the affected area exquisitely sensitive to pressure during chewing.
The anatomical location of the abscess directly influences the nature and intensity of the pain experienced during mastication. Abscesses located in close proximity to the maxillary sinus may elicit referred pain, complicating diagnosis. In contrast, abscesses affecting the mandibular nerve can produce radiating pain extending to the ear, temple, or neck. Furthermore, the presence of an abscess can compromise the structural integrity of the affected tooth and surrounding bone, rendering it more susceptible to fracture or further damage during chewing. A real-world example is a patient experiencing intense, localized pain when biting down on a tooth with a periapical abscess, accompanied by swelling of the adjacent gingiva and tenderness to palpation. The pain may be exacerbated by the consumption of hot or cold foods, due to the increased sensitivity of the inflamed tissues.
Understanding the connection between abscess formation and pain during chewing underscores the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment. Delayed intervention can lead to the spread of infection, potentially resulting in systemic complications. Treatment typically involves drainage of the abscess, administration of antibiotics to control the infection, and endodontic therapy or extraction of the affected tooth to eliminate the source of the infection. Long-term management focuses on addressing the underlying factors that contributed to the abscess formation, such as dental caries or periodontal disease, to prevent recurrence and maintain optimal oral health.
8. TMJ
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders frequently manifest as pain during mastication, establishing a direct correlation between TMJ dysfunction and dental discomfort. These disorders affect the joint connecting the mandible to the skull, impacting chewing mechanics and force distribution, thereby eliciting dental pain.
-
Muscle Imbalance and Referred Pain
Dysfunction of the TMJ often leads to imbalances in the masticatory muscles. This imbalance can cause referred pain to the teeth, mimicking dental pain. For example, temporalis muscle tension can be perceived as pain in the upper molars. Such referred pain can lead individuals to suspect dental issues when the origin is muscular.
-
Altered Occlusion and Tooth Stress
TMJ disorders can alter the bite, resulting in uneven distribution of occlusal forces. Specific teeth may bear excessive load during chewing, leading to sensitivity, fracture, or accelerated wear. A patient with TMJ-related malocclusion might experience pain primarily in certain teeth during chewing due to increased stress on those teeth.
-
Joint Inflammation and Pain Radiation
Inflammation within the TMJ capsule can cause pain that radiates to the teeth and surrounding structures. The proximity of the TMJ to the trigeminal nerve facilitates pain referral to the dental region. An individual with TMJ arthritis may experience generalized dental pain that intensifies during chewing, secondary to joint inflammation.
-
Bruxism and Clenching
TMJ disorders frequently coexist with bruxism (teeth grinding) and clenching, exacerbating dental pain. These parafunctional habits place immense pressure on the teeth, muscles, and TMJ, causing pain during and after chewing. A person who clenches their teeth due to TMJ dysfunction may experience increased dental sensitivity and pain while eating.
The intricate relationship between TMJ disorders and dental pain underscores the importance of a comprehensive evaluation when individuals report pain during chewing. Addressing the underlying TMJ dysfunction is crucial for alleviating the dental symptoms and restoring comfortable masticatory function. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of TMJ’s influence ensures targeted and effective treatment strategies.
9. Bruxism
Bruxism, the involuntary habit of grinding or clenching teeth, presents a significant etiological factor in the occurrence of dental pain during mastication. The repetitive and forceful contact between the upper and lower teeth, characteristic of bruxism, generates excessive stress on the teeth, periodontal tissues, and temporomandibular joints (TMJs). This parafunctional activity, often occurring unconsciously during sleep, subjects the oral structures to forces far exceeding those experienced during normal chewing. Consequently, individuals with bruxism frequently report heightened tooth sensitivity, jaw muscle fatigue, and pain when engaging in routine activities such as eating. A practical illustration is a patient who experiences dull, aching pain in the jaw muscles upon waking, which intensifies throughout the day, particularly when chewing tough or chewy foods. This pain stems from the continuous activation and fatigue of the masticatory muscles during nocturnal bruxism, leading to increased sensitivity and discomfort during functional activities.
The relationship between bruxism and masticatory pain is multifactorial, involving several interconnected mechanisms. The excessive forces generated during grinding and clenching can lead to enamel wear, exposing the underlying dentin and increasing tooth sensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, bruxism can cause microfractures in the enamel, compromising the structural integrity of the teeth and predisposing them to pain during chewing. The constant muscle activity associated with bruxism can result in muscle fatigue and spasm, leading to referred pain to the teeth and surrounding structures. The TMJs, responsible for jaw movement, are also subjected to significant stress during bruxism, potentially leading to inflammation, pain, and dysfunction. An example of this would be an individual experiencing sharp pain in the TMJ while chewing, accompanied by clicking or popping sounds, indicating joint inflammation and dysfunction secondary to chronic bruxism. The cumulative effect of these factors contributes to the experience of tooth pain during chewing in individuals with bruxism.
Understanding the role of bruxism in the etiology of masticatory pain is essential for effective diagnosis and management. A thorough clinical examination, including assessment of tooth wear, muscle tenderness, and TMJ function, is crucial for identifying bruxism as a contributing factor. Treatment strategies may include the use of occlusal splints or night guards to protect the teeth from the damaging effects of grinding and clenching, muscle relaxants to alleviate muscle tension, and stress management techniques to reduce bruxism triggers. Addressing bruxism can significantly alleviate tooth pain during chewing, improve oral comfort, and prevent further damage to the teeth and TMJs, thereby enhancing long-term oral health. Failure to recognize and manage bruxism can lead to chronic pain, tooth loss, and impaired masticatory function, underscoring the importance of early intervention and comprehensive care.
Frequently Asked Questions
The following addresses commonly asked questions concerning discomfort experienced in the teeth when chewing. The information provided aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of potential causes and appropriate management strategies.
Question 1: What are the most common causes of tooth pain experienced during chewing?
The etiology of tooth pain during mastication is diverse, with dental caries, tooth fractures, gingival inflammation, and temporomandibular joint disorders representing frequent causes. Occlusal disharmony and bruxism also contribute significantly.
Question 2: How does dental decay lead to pain during chewing?
Dental decay erodes the protective enamel layer, exposing the underlying dentin. The dentin contains microscopic tubules that transmit stimuli to the pulp, the tooth’s nerve center. Chewing forces stimulate these tubules, resulting in pain.
Question 3: Can gum disease cause tooth pain while chewing?
Yes, gingivitis and periodontitis inflame the gums and supporting tissues. This inflammation sensitizes the teeth and can alter the bite, causing discomfort when chewing. Periodontal abscesses exacerbate the pain further.
Question 4: What role do tooth fractures play in pain during chewing?
Tooth fractures, whether minor cracks or complete breaks, compromise tooth integrity. Chewing forces cause movement of the fractured segments, stimulating the nerve and inducing pain. Fractures near the pulp elicit more intense pain.
Question 5: How can temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders contribute to tooth pain during chewing?
TMJ disorders disrupt normal jaw function, leading to muscle imbalances, altered occlusion, and joint inflammation. These factors can refer pain to the teeth or cause uneven stress distribution, resulting in pain during chewing.
Question 6: What steps can be taken to alleviate tooth pain experienced during chewing?
Management strategies depend on the underlying cause. These may include improved oral hygiene, dental fillings, root canal therapy, periodontal treatment, occlusal adjustments, night guards for bruxism, or TMJ therapy. Professional dental evaluation is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
Addressing dental pain during chewing requires a multifaceted approach, emphasizing both immediate relief and long-term management of underlying conditions. Regular dental examinations and proactive oral hygiene practices are paramount in preventing and mitigating the causes of masticatory pain.
The subsequent sections will focus on preventive measures and long-term strategies for maintaining oral health and minimizing the occurrence of dental pain during mastication.
Managing Discomfort During Chewing
Experiencing pain during chewing necessitates a strategic approach involving proactive oral hygiene and timely professional intervention. Implementing the following guidelines can mitigate discomfort and prevent further complications.
Tip 1: Optimize Oral Hygiene Practices
Maintaining meticulous oral hygiene is paramount. Brush at least twice daily, employing a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Ensure thorough cleaning of all tooth surfaces. Floss daily to remove plaque and debris from interdental spaces inaccessible to brushing. This reduces bacterial load and minimizes gingival inflammation.
Tip 2: Modify Dietary Habits
Minimize consumption of sugary and acidic foods and beverages, which contribute to enamel erosion and dental decay. Reduce intake of hard or chewy foods that can exacerbate tooth fractures or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. A balanced diet supports overall oral health.
Tip 3: Employ Desensitizing Agents
Utilize desensitizing toothpaste containing potassium nitrate or stannous fluoride to alleviate tooth sensitivity. These agents block dentinal tubules, reducing the transmission of pain stimuli. Apply the toothpaste directly to sensitive areas for enhanced efficacy.
Tip 4: Consider a Night Guard
If bruxism (teeth grinding) is suspected, consult a dentist regarding the fabrication of a custom-fitted night guard. This appliance protects teeth from the damaging effects of grinding and clenching, reducing muscle tension and TMJ stress.
Tip 5: Schedule Regular Dental Examinations
Routine dental check-ups are crucial for early detection and treatment of dental caries, periodontal disease, and other oral health issues. Professional cleanings remove plaque and tartar, preventing inflammation and infection. Early intervention minimizes the need for extensive treatments.
Tip 6: Address Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
If TMJ dysfunction is suspected, seek evaluation and treatment from a qualified dental professional or specialist. TMJ therapy may include physical therapy, medication, or occlusal appliances to alleviate pain and restore normal joint function.
Tip 7: Manage Stress Levels
Stress is a known contributor to bruxism and TMJ disorders. Employ stress-reduction techniques such as exercise, meditation, or counseling to minimize the impact on oral health.
Adherence to these guidelines can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of pain during mastication, promoting optimal oral health and improved quality of life.
The subsequent section provides a concluding summary of the key concepts discussed, reinforcing the importance of proactive oral care.
Conclusion
The preceding exploration of “why do my teeth hurt when i chew” elucidates a complex interplay of factors, ranging from localized dental pathology to systemic conditions. Dental caries, fractures, inflammation, infection, occlusal disharmonies, sensitivity, abscesses, TMJ disorders, and bruxism each contribute to the manifestation of pain during chewing. Accurate diagnosis necessitates a comprehensive evaluation considering these diverse etiologies. Effective management requires targeted interventions addressing the underlying cause, encompassing both immediate pain relief and long-term oral health maintenance.
Persistent dental discomfort during mastication warrants prompt professional assessment. Neglecting such symptoms can lead to progressive oral health deterioration, potentially impacting nutritional intake and overall well-being. A proactive approach, incorporating diligent oral hygiene practices and regular dental examinations, remains paramount in mitigating masticatory pain and preserving oral function throughout life.
