Llama expectoration is a behavioral trait primarily observed within the species as a means of establishing social hierarchy, protecting resources, and displaying displeasure. This action involves the forceful ejection of saliva and regurgitated stomach contents. The substance expelled can range from a mild spray of saliva to a foul-smelling, partially digested mixture.
The primary purpose of this behavior is intraspecies communication. Within a llama herd, spitting helps determine dominance and resolve conflicts over food, territory, or mates. While it is relatively uncommon for llamas to direct this behavior towards humans, instances can occur when the animal feels threatened, provoked, or perceives a breach of its personal space. Domestication has not eliminated this innate response.
