Eduard Bernstein’s revisionist theories, which emerged in the late 19th century, challenged fundamental tenets of Marxist thought. He argued that capitalism was not inevitably collapsing, but rather evolving and adapting, leading to improvements in working-class conditions and the potential for gradual social reform through parliamentary means. Bernstein suggested abandoning the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism in favor of achieving socialism through democratic processes. These propositions directly contradicted the orthodox Marxist view of violent revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Vladimir Lenin, a staunch advocate of orthodox Marxism, viewed Bernstein’s revisionism as a dangerous betrayal of revolutionary principles. Lenin believed that Bernstein’s ideas undermined the proletariat’s revolutionary consciousness and weakened the impetus for socialist revolution. Furthermore, Lenin argued that Bernstein’s emphasis on parliamentary action and gradual reform led to collaboration with the bourgeoisie, thereby delaying and ultimately preventing the achievement of true communism. Lenin considered Bernstein’s ideas to be a form of opportunism, prioritizing short-term gains over the long-term goal of proletarian revolution. Historically, this critique solidified Lenin’s position as a leading figure in the revolutionary wing of the socialist movement.
