Within the historical and cultural context of the Old Testament, the practice of concubinage, which involved a marital-like relationship without the full legal and social status of a wife, was permitted. This allowance did not necessarily equate to divine endorsement but rather reflected the existing societal norms and patriarchal structures prevalent during the periods described in the biblical texts. The relationships typically involved a man and a woman of lower social standing, such as a slave or a woman without family support. The children born from such unions were often recognized as legitimate heirs, though typically with a lower inheritance priority than children born to a primary wife. Examples include figures like Abraham, Jacob, and David who had concubines.
The acceptance of concubinage served several functions within ancient Israelite society. It offered a means for men to produce offspring, particularly male heirs, in situations where a primary wife was barren or unable to conceive. It also provided a level of social security for women who might otherwise be vulnerable or without means of support. Furthermore, it functioned as a way to expand a family’s social and economic influence through increased lineage and alliances. The practice was interwoven with the prevailing societal expectations regarding lineage, inheritance, and the continuation of the family name. It is crucial to note that the scriptures often portray the consequences of polygamous relationships, including those involving concubines, as being fraught with tension and conflict.
